In today’s busy lifestyle, people are experiencing constant shortage of time for their personal care. Focus on personal health and hygiene has reduced to the significant extent. In such situation, health and hygiene of the people are continuously downgrading due to lack of attention towards it. As the solution of such situations, market is full of many instantly acting products containing harmful chemicals and ingredients. Mouth health and hygiene is of prime importance as it is the main gateway of food and also for verbal communication. Tackling the increasing problems related to the health and hygiene of oral cavity and also emerging issues due to excessive use of instant acting products for it is the need of the hour. Herbal formulations are proven treatment options that can deal with such situations without any untoward side effects. We had studied many traditionally used natural items to screen a few of the potent ingredients to formulate an oral spray. Developed polyherbal spray formulation using Clove oil, Peppermint oil, Fennel oil, Piper Betel oil and Cardamom oil was evaluated for various basic parameters. As all of the above herbal ingredients are already proven their activities for maintaining and improving oral hygiene and health, the final product was not evaluated for specific activities. Moreover it don’t require additional facilities like In the nutshell, developed polyherbal spray was found to be a probable alternative for instant mouth refreshning product dealing with majority of oral health and hygiene issues, especially foul smell.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease characterized by myelin damage followed by axonal and ultimately neuronal loss. The etiology and physiopathology of MS are still elusive, and no fully effective therapy is yet available

Objectives: We investigated the role in MS of autophagy (physiologically, a controlled intracellular pathway regulating the degradation of cellular components) and of mitophagy (a specific form of autophagy that removes dysfunctional mitochondria).

Methods: Our study has been performed by using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo model of MS. Furthermore, experiments have been also conducted in human biofluids obtained from healthy and MS-affected individuals

Results: Three main findings emerge from the present work. First, autophagy and its selective forms occur in MS patients and in experimental models of MS; second, these phenomena play a causal role in MS be-cause their inhibition prevents myelin loss; third, two clinically used drugs can inhibit autophagy, prevent demyelination, induce remyelination, and revert MS behavioral deficits

Conclusion: Our findings suggest to repurpose Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs for the treatment of MS, at least in patients with MS variants that are more closely modeled by CPZ, like type III and IV. Such compounds may accelerate recovery from a demyelinating attack and prevent relapses.

The present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of bark and root of Myrica esculenta and their active phytoconstituents through In-Vitro and In-Silico studies. The bioactive phytoconstituent of Myrica esculenta determined by GC-MS spectroscopy techniques. After that total phenolic and flavonoid content of both bark and root extract was determined. Furthermore, In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was determined in both extracts. The molecular docking analysis determined the binding affinity of bioactive compounds against inflammatory proteins COX-1, COX-2, IL-10, and TNF-α. The present study revealed bark extract of Myrica esculenta has the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content compared with root extract (553.44±18.38mg GAE/g equivalent and 336.02±8.04mg quercetin/g equivalent respectively). Similarly, the bark extract showed good inhibitory activity with 5-LOX and HYA assay (IC₅₀ 11.26±3.93 and 21.61±8.27 µg/mL respectively), but in 15-Lox inhibitory assay root extract showed the highest inhibitory activity, IC₅₀ 16.95±5.92 µg/mL. The Docking result showed that myrecitin, Arjunolic acid, and myricanone have the highest binding affinity with all inflammatory proteins in respective order: myrecitin>arjunolic acid>celecoxib>myricanone>myricitrin>3-epi-ursonic acid. The MD simulation of COX-1 and myrecitin showed the highest stability and low deviation at 310K through RMSD values (1.07-2.3 Å) as compared with COX-1 and myricitrin (0.193-1.885 Å) and TNF-α and myricanone (1.377 to 3.457Å) respectively when analyzed at 100 ns time frame. Extract and their active constituents showed good anti-inflammatory activity. Further study is essential to define their mechanism of action.

Anti-microbial resistance to presently available antifungal medications, as well as an increase in their toxicity, is becoming a severe concern throughout the world. It is necessary to investigate innovative, more effective medications especially derived from medicinally active plants with lesser chances of side effects. Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) is an organosulfur derived from garlic oil which is responsible for typical garlic odour is explored for its therapeutic potential against Candida albicans. The effect of AMS on major virulence factors has been studied in Candida albicans reference strains, with MIC and MFC values reported to be 200 µg/ml and 400 µg/ml, respectively. Fungal growth in C. albicans was entirely inhibited at their respective MIC values, as demonstrated by growth curve and time kill kinetics experiments. In C. albicans, AMS treatment also reduces attachment to buccal cell epithelial tissues as measured microscopically. After treatment with AMS, C. albicans' release of extracellular proteinases, phospholipases, and biofilm formation were significantly inhibited. AMS exhibited little toxicity to human red blood cells (RBCs), indicating that it might be a feasible alternative to commonly used antifungal medications. More research is needed to determine its mechanism of action and precise target areas. The current work should be supported by molecular in silico and in vivo research.

The health-promoting properties of Silybum marianum have been acknowledged since antiquity. This plant is credited with substantial hepatoprotective properties and is also protective in cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and neurodegeneration, mainly for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Only a few experimental studies have described the impact of Silybum marianum extract on the blood coagulation process; furthermore, these data are unsatisfactorily fragmented and need to be supplemented to understand the plant’s properties better. The predominant biologically active flavonolignan extracted from Silybum marianum is silybin, a mixture of two diastereomers, silybin A and silybin B, in approximately equimolar ratio. This study investigated the effect of silybin on the fundamental laboratory parameter for blood coagulation, namely prothrombin time (PT), an assay used to assess the extrinsic and common coagulation pathways.
To evaluate the effect of silybin on PT, we prepared three solutions of silybin (Silybin (A + B mixture), PhytoLab GmbH & Co. KG, Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany) in 0.1% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma-Aldrich, Co., St. Louis, MO, USA): 10 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM. PT was measured on a Coag 4D coagulometer (DIAGON Kft., Budapest, Hungary) using rabbit calcium thromboplastin (Dia-PT, DIAGON Kft., Budapest, Hungary) and control plasma which is pooled plasma obtained from healthy donors (Dia-CONT, DIAGON Kft., Budapest, Hungary). 10 µl of silybin solution was added to 40 µl of plasma, the sample was incubated for two minutes at 37 °C, and then 100 µl of thromboplastin, pre-warmed to 37 °C, was added to the mixture. The coagulometer automatically gives the PT result in seconds (s). At the same time, PT was measured in the control plasma both without additional solutions and with the addition of tris-buffered saline (TBS) and 0.1% DMSO (10 µl of TBS or DMSO + 40 µl of plasma). Each measurement was made eight times. Student’s t-test and the Friedman test with post-hoc analysis were used in the statistical analysis (Statistica 13, TIBCO Software Inc. Palo Alto, CA, USA).
In the first step of our study, we tested how the dilution of the plasma sample affected PT. We did not observe statistically significant differences in PT between the control plasma and the control plasma supplemented with TBS (mean ± standard deviation 14.00±0.77 s vs. 13.88±0.38 s, p=0.606). We also found no statistically significant differences in PT between the control plasma and the control plasma with the addition of 0.1% DMSO (mean ± standard deviation 14.00±0.77 s vs. 14.10±0.26 s, p=0.728); therefore, we further analyzed the effect of silybin on PT using DMSO at this level (0.1%). The addition of silybin solutions to the control plasma resulted in a statistically significant PT shortener (p<0.001). Post-hoc analysis revealed a substantial shortening of PT under the influence of 50 μM (median 13.55 s) and 100 μM solution (median 13.40 s) of silybin compared to plasma with the addition of 0.1% DMSO alone (median 14.10 s) and plasma with the addition of the lowest, 10 μM, level of silybin (median 14.20 s). At the same time, PT in the plasma with the addition of a 50 μM and 100 μM solution of silybin did not significantly differ statistically.
Our in vitro analysis characterized the possible effect of Silybum marianum on the blood coagulation process. These results require further investigation to validate their validity and clinical utility.